Because of erupting 2nd molars (Fig.10,15), it is difficult to place rubber separators between U6/7.  Copper ones are used instead (Fig.15 ^).  Crowding and narrow arches (Fig.13,14) may be associated with the enlarged Inferior Nasal Concha (Fig.15 *). 

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Xin Wei, DDS, PhD, MS 1st edition 06/20/2019, last revision 06/21/2019