Taps are used to form threads and test stability.  Stability is achieved when 7x17 mm tap is inserted with possible penetration of the sinus floor (Fig.7 T).  There is no air leakage after each step of bone expansion with the expanders and taps.  Retrospectively, the smaller, the better.

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Xin Wei, DDS, PhD, MS 1st edition 08/21/2014, last revision 03/15/2020