The patient is hesitant about apicoectomy.  After discussion of advantages and disadvantages of the latter vs. extraction and implant, the patient chooses the extraction.  The latter turns out to be smooth with socket preservation (Fig.5, 6 *).  Immediately postop PA shows bone loss at #30 and minor degree around the apex of #31 implant (Fig.4 <), which is related with hard bone and bone necrosis due to heat.

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Xin Wei, DDS, PhD, MS 1st edition 10/12/2018, last revision 10/12/2018